The present tense of a fi: Romanian “to be”

Learn the complete set of present-tense forms of a fi and use them for identity, description, location, existence, negation, and questions.

The verb a fi means to be. Its present tense is irregular, so learn the six forms as a set: Sunt studentă și sunt în București. (I am a student and I am in Bucharest.)

How do you conjugate a fi in the present?

Choose the finite form — the verb form that carries tense and agrees with the subject — by person and number; do not try to derive these forms from one regular stem.

SubjectPresent formNatural example
eu (I)suntSunt acasă. (I am at home.)
tu (you, singular)eștiEști gata? (Are you ready?)
el / ea (he / she)este (full) or e (short)Ea este profesoară. (She is a teacher.)
noi (we)suntemSuntem în clasă. (We are in the classroom.)
voi (you, plural) / dumneavoastră (polite you)suntețiSunteți aici? (Are you here?)
ei / ele (they)suntEi sunt obosiți. (They are tired.)

What does a fi express?

In the present, a fi can link a subject to an identity or description, locate something, or state that something exists in a place. The meaning comes from the words around the form.

UseRomanian patternExample
Identity or rolesubject + a fi + nounSunt studentă. (I am a student.)
Nationalitysubject + a fi + adjectiveEl este român. (He is Romanian.)
Descriptionsubject + a fi + adjectiveCartea este interesantă. (The book is interesting.)
Locationsubject + a fi + place phraseCheile sunt pe masă. (The keys are on the table.)
Existence or presenceplace phrase + este / sunt + nounÎn cameră sunt două scaune. (There are two chairs in the room.)

The identity and description patterns are often called copular uses: a fi connects the subject with a name, class, or property. In a locative use, it says where the subject is. In an existential use, este or sunt can mean “there is” or “there are”: Este o carte pe masă. (There is a book on the table.) For place prepositions such as la and în, see the location contrast.

Can you omit the subject pronoun?

Yes. Romanian often leaves out a personal subject pronoun when the verb form and context make the subject clear. Subject-pronoun omission also occurs in neutral usage; it is not limited to informal speech.

  • Sunt acasă. (I am at home.) The form sunt can identify an omitted eu when the context supplies it.
  • Suntem în București. (We are in Bucharest.) The form suntem identifies an omitted noi.
  • Keep the pronoun for contrast or emphasis: Eu sunt acasă, iar ea este la bibliotecă. (I am at home, while she is at the library.) See Romanian subject pronouns.
  • Remember that sunt can also be third-person plural: Sunt gata. may mean “I am ready” or “They are ready.” Context, or an explicit pronoun, resolves the meaning.

For polite address, dumneavoastră takes the second-person plural form sunteți, even when you are speaking to one person: Dumneavoastră sunteți doamna Popescu? (Are you Mrs Popescu?) An adjective or noun phrase after sunteți can still match the gender and number of the person or people addressed.

How do you make a fi negative?

Put nu directly before the finite form of a fi. The form still agrees with the subject. Adding nu makes the clause negative.

PositiveNegativeMeaning
Sunt acasă.Nu sunt acasă.I am at home. / I am not at home.
Ea este aici.Ea nu este aici.She is here. / She is not here.
Suntem în clasă.Nu suntem în clasă.We are in the classroom. / We are not in the classroom.
În cameră sunt scaune.În cameră nu sunt scaune.There are chairs in the room. / There are no chairs in the room.

Other Romanian verbs use the same basic placement: nu comes before the finite verb. Review Romanian sentence negation with nu for negative clauses beyond a fi.

How do you ask questions with a fi?

A basic yes-or-no question keeps the same words and verb form as a statement. Question intonation marks it in speech, and a question mark marks it in writing. Romanian does not require an English-style auxiliary. It also does not require subject–verb inversion, which puts the verb before the subject.

  • Ești acasă? (Are you at home?) The second-person singular form stays ești.
  • Ana este în clasă? (Is Ana in the classroom?) The named subject can come before the verb.
  • Sunt cheile pe masă? (Are the keys on the table?) The plural subject cheile takes sunt.
  • Unde este Ana? (Where is Ana?) A question word such as unde comes first; the named subject follows the verb in this natural location question.
  • Nu ești obosită? (Aren’t you tired?) A negative question places nu before ești and can ask for confirmation. See Romanian yes–no questions.

When should you use este or e?

Este and e are both accepted third-person singular present forms of a fi and both mean “is”: Raportul este gata. and Raportul e gata. (The report is ready.) The full form este is neutral. The shorter form e is especially common in conversation and ordinary messages. They are not different persons or different tenses.

Write the current standard forms with their Romanian spelling: ești, suntem, sunteți, and sunt. Keep ș and ț in the written forms, and do not replace the full forms with an English-style pronunciation spelling.

Mistakes to avoid

  • Match person and number: eu sunt, tu ești, noi suntem, and ei sunt; do not use eu ești or ei suntem.
  • Do not treat e as a separate verb. It is the short third-person singular form alongside este: El e aici. (He is here.)
  • Do not add an English-style word for “there” before an existential clause. Romanian can say Este un scaun în cameră. (There is a chair in the room.)
  • Make a predicate adjective agree with the subject: Ea este obosită. (She is tired.) but Ei sunt obosiți. (They are tired.) See Romanian agreement.
  • Keep the diacritics in ești and sunteți. The standard spellings require them.
  1. Complete: Noi ___ în clasă.

    • sunt
    • suntem
    • sunteți
    • ești

    The first-person plural subject noi takes suntem: Noi suntem în clasă.

  2. Which form goes with dumneavoastră when you address one person politely?

    • ești
    • este
    • sunteți
    • suntem

    Polite dumneavoastră takes the second-person plural form sunteți, even for one addressee.

  3. Which sentence means “They are tired”?

    • Ei sunt obosiți.
    • Ei este obosiți.
    • Ei ești obosiți.
    • Ei suntem obosiți.

    The third-person plural subject ei takes sunt: Ei sunt obosiți.

  4. Choose the negative form of Suntem în clasă.

    • Nu sunt în clasă.
    • Nu este în clasă.
    • Nu ești în clasă.
    • Nu suntem în clasă.

    Put nu directly before the matching finite form: Nu suntem în clasă.

  5. Which sentence uses a fi to mean “There is a book on the table”?

    • Cartea este pe masă.
    • Este o carte pe masă.
    • Are o carte pe masă.
    • Sunt o carte pe masă.

    The existential pattern Este o carte pe masă. states that a book exists or is present on the table. Cartea este pe masă locates a specific book instead.

Test yourself

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Complete: Noi ___ în clasă.
Exercise

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